Background and aims: COMPUTER vision syndrome refers to a set of visual and non-­ visual symptoms due to long-­ term use of video terminals and causes complaints such as; blur vision, difficulty in vision of near and far, burning, headache, back and neck discomfort. Considering the increasing use of COMPUTERs in the official environments and various jobs and the consequent increasing in clinical referrals of COMPUTER USERS due to eye complaints caused by working with COMPUTER, COMPUTER vision syndrome has become one of the most important health issues in society. In Iran, the most common eye problems were related to extra ocular problems with a prevalence of 46. 2% and eye strain with a prevalence of 45. 4% and the prevalence of eye fatigue due to working with video terminals was reported to be 91. 4%. In Saudi Arabia, headaches and vision problems were reported with 68% and 65% prevalence, respectively. In Ghana, the prevalence of COMPUTER vision syndrome was 51. 5%. This study was aimed to evaluate visual problems and functions in professional COMPUTER USERS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 40 professional COMPUTER USERS, aged between 20 and 30 years old, who used the COMPUTER at least 4 hours per day in 1397. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Age range 20 to 30 years, no amblyopia, no strabismus, no history of refractive surgery, no pathological eye diseases and systemic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and MS and do not take any ophthalmic and systemic drugs that affect the eyes such as the antidepressants and antibiotics. A questionnaire was used to assess visual complications in four sections: eye strain, visual difficulty, ocular disorders and extra ocular disorders. Then visual examinations including: visual acuity in far and near distances, heterophoria measurement in far and near distances, stereoacuity, accommodation amplitude, accommodation facility and response, near point of convergence, fusional vergence, contrast sensitivity in the four spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycle per degree and tear break up time were performed. Refractive errors were measured using a Japanese-made Topcon Autokerato Refractometer (ARK-KR. 8800, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). The monocular and binocular vision was recorded with the best optical correction at a distance of 6 meters and 40 centimeters by logarithmic chart based on the Log MAR system. The deviation of cases was measured by the cover test method at a distance of 6 m and at 40 cm. To examine the accommodation amplitude, the near point of accommodation was measured using the push-up method. The accommodation response of cases was measured by Monocular Estimation Method (MEM). The near point of convergence was also measured by push-up method. The TNO random dot test was used to assess stereopsis. Fusional vergences were measured by prism bar both at a distance of 6 m and at 40 cm. To measure contrast sensitivity, the CSV-1000 Chart (VectorVision, Inc., OH, USA) was used. By measuring the tear break up time, the stability of the tear film were examined and the cases of dry eye were identified by using the slide lamp and fluorescent. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics including concentration and dispersion criteria of SPSS 20 were used. Results: In this study, the mean and standard deviation of age was 26. 48± 2. 72 and the mean and standard deviation of using COMPUTER was 5. 82± 0. 84 hours per day (range 4 to 8 hours). According to the results, the mean visual acuity of all cases with the best optical correction was 0. 0 logarithm. At a distance of 40 cm, 70% of the cases had no heterophoria and 30% of the cases had exophoria with less than 10 prism diopters. The means and standard deviations of blur, break and recovery by base out prism at 6 meter were: 11. 40± 3. 30, 17. 85± 4. 11 and 12. 78± 3. 83 prism diopter respectively and at 40 centimeter were 17. 59± 2. 76, 25. 40± 5. 16 and 17. 25± 3. 49 prism diopter respectively and by base in prism at 6 meters were: 0. 55± 1. 28, 8. 80± 1. 80 and 6. 30± 1. 78 prism diopter respectively and at 40 centimeter were: 12. 90± 2. 67, 19. 05± 3. 02 and 14. 05± 2. 77 prism diopter respectively. The means and standard deviations of stereoacuity, accommodation amplitude, accommodation facility and response, near point of convergence and tear break up time were respectively; 52. 0± 11. 36 seconds of arc, 9. 65± 2. 48 diopter, 10. 5± 3. 0 cycle per minutes, 0. 35± 0. 23 diopter, 2. 85± 3. 37 centimeters and 7. 45± 3. 17 seconds and the means and standard deviations of contrast sensitivity in the spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycle per degree were respectively: 1. 75± 0. 11, 2. 11± 0. 14, 1. 86± 0. 13 and 1. 44± 0. 13 log units. According to the questionnaire the most common complaints were in the ocular surface problems section with 32% and eye strain with 27%. Conclusion: In this study, two important issues were discussed, one of which includes questions related to COMPUTER vision problems from the point of view of professional USERS and the other is the results of eye examinations of them. In the first part, based on the questionnaire the most complaints were in the section of ocular surface disorders with 32% and eye strain with 27%. In fact, long-term COMPUTER usage causes symptoms such as; Feeling dryness, burning, tearing when working with a COMPUTER and eye strain. In the second part, it was found that the contrast sensitivity at all frequencies and the accommodation amplitude were nearly decreased, and in a low percentage of people, a decrease in the accommodation facility were observed. The tear break up time was significantly decreased. Stereopsis of the cases was in the normal range and according to this study was not affected by COMPUTER work. In this study, at a distance of 6 m, heterophoria in the cases were in the normal range of exophoria, and at a distance of 40 cm, 30% of cases had small degrees of exophoria. One of the reasons for the increase in near exophoria in these people can be a decrease in the accommodation amplitude and also recede of the near point of convergence, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, headache, blurred vision and diplopia. According to Morgan's table of normal values of fusional vergences, the fusional versions of the studied cases were in the normal range at 6 meters and 40 centimeters. In the present study, the near point of convergence of more than 5 cm was considered as a problem and statistical studies showed that 75% of USERS had a near point of convergence of less than 5 cm, so this study showed that the near point of convergence was not affected by working with a COMPUTER. An examination of the accommodation facility of the cases showed that the binocular accommodation facility in 35% of people was less than 10 cycles per minute. Accommodation facility helps to maintain a clear and single image while working in near distance. If accommodation facility is reduced, the flexibility to focus at a variety of viewing distances immediately after long-term use of the COMPUTER will be difficult, which can cause blurred vision and eye strain in some USERS. The accommodation response of cases were within the normal range of 0. 5± 0. 25 diopter. If the accommodation response is greater than the accommodation diopter stimulation, symptoms such as blurred vision and eye fatigue were reported. This study found that, this eye function was not affected by COMPUTER use. Considering the average age of the cases, the accommodation amplitude of less than 8 diopters was considered as a decrease in the accommodation amplitude, which about 35% of people had 8 diopters or less than 8 diopters, but the mean accommodation amplitude was within normal range. Prolonged use of the COMPUTER can reduce the accommodation amplitude and cause symptoms such as fatigue and blurred vision. The exact cause of this decrease is not clear, but it seems to be more due to accommodation fatigue. In the present study, the mean contrast sensitivity decreased in all spatial frequencies. However, according to the normal values provided by Vectorvision for ages 20 to 55 years, the contrast sensitivity in the spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles per degree were: 1. 84± 0. 14, 2. 09± 0. 16, 1. 76± 0. 17 and 1. 33± 0. 19 in the logarithmic unit respectively, the contrast sensitivity of USERS was within the normal range. In this study, tear break up time of more than 10 seconds was considered to be normal and less than this amount was considered as a problem in the stability of the tear film. Using a COMPUTER affects the pattern of blinking, eye level hemostasis and tear film function. In fact, reducing the rate of blinking disturbs the balance of replenishment and evaporation of the tear film. On the other hand, if the screen angle is higher than the primary gaze of viewing, this evaporation will occur more frequently, which will cause symptoms such as burning, redness and tearing in COMPUTER USERS. To reduce eye problems and symptoms, USERS can be advised to rest their eyes at regular intervals. It is also recommended that future studies use qualitative tests in addition to quantitative tests to assess the tear layer. The impact of COMPUTERs and other devices such as mobile phones and tablets on the visual functions of different age groups can also be examined.

Purpose: To evaluate the knowledge and practice of COMPUTER USERS about COMPUTER related eye problems. Methods: One hundred twenty-three COMPUTER USERS were asked to complete a questionnaire. In each questionnaire, after initial demographic questions, 9 questions were conducted to evaluate the knowledge of the USERS and 9 questions to assess their attitude about the COMPUTER vision syndrome (CVS). Results: Sixty-nine women and 54 men with mean age of 31.3±7.1 years were studied. All of the USERS had daily COMPUTER work of more than 1 hour and 70 USERS (56.2%) had more than 3 hours of daily COMPUTER work. The correct responses ranged from 7.6% to 78.5% for knowledge questions, and from 25.3% to 76% for practice questions. In 1 knowledge question (proper contrast and brightness) and 2 practice questions (contrast and brightness adjustment and maximum working time without rest), more than 50% of the USERS responded correctly. The lowest correct responses were the optimum room light (7.6%) in the knowledge section and ocular examinations (25.3%) in the practice section. Twenty-eight USERS (22.8%) said they had read about the CVS in scientific sources, however, only 2 (7.1%) knew all signs and symptoms of CVS. No user correctly responded to all questions about the appropriate approach to CVS.Conclusion: The level of knowledge of the studied population about the CVS was limited. Proper use of the present knowledge was low as well.

Background and Aim: The use of COMPUTERs has become mandatory for doing every kind of work in recent years, and fewer professionals can be found on which to perform the functions without COMPUTERs. One of the most common complaints of COMPUTER USERS is ocular problems. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of ocular symptoms in COMPUTER USERS in one of Abadan oil companies.Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study which was performed on 199 COMPUTER USERS. Simple randomization was used to recruit the sample. The data was collected using demographic sheet and eye fatigue and workplace ergonomics questionnaire and was analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square test using SPSS-PC (v.19) Results: The sample consisted of 78 females and 121 males. Their age ranged between 30 to 40 years and their use of COMPUTERs ranged between 21 to 40 hours a week. Frequent eye complaints of the USERS included, dim display (44.2%), dizziness when looking at the monitor (41.2%), tears and tearing eyes while working with the monitor (38.7%), burning eyes, (38.2%) and feel eye dryness 38.2% respectively. There was significant relationships between the ocular complaints and age (P-value=0.014), the number of hours of working with COMPUTERs (P-value=0.004), the position of chair (P-value=0.03), working conditions (P-value=0.001) and the position of monitors (P-value=0.02).Conclusions: The results of this study revealed the high frequency of ocular symptoms in COMPUTER USERS and the impact of non-ergonomic conditions on the occurrence of these complaints and represented the necessity of modification of ergonomic conditions.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of COMPUTER vision syndrome (CVS) and some other related factors in personal COMPUTER USERS in Hamadan city.Methods: 385 COMPUTER USERS were studied with questionnaires including signs and symptoms of CVS. Results: Duration of operating is significant to frequency of CVS and daily working time is significantly associated to frequency of CVS (P=0.0001). Monitor resolution was found to be of little value in the presence of CVS. Presence of ametropia (diplopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism) has a significant relation to frequency of CVS (P=0.001).Continuous use of glasses reduce frequency of CVS. to decrease the frequency of CVS, the level of monitor should be lower than that of the operator's eyes (P=0.0001).The most proper distance between the monitor and operator's eyes is 50-70 cm, that reduces frequency of CVS significantly (P=0.0001).Conclusion: In this investigation, the frequency of CVS in COMPUTER USERS In Hamadan was 72.5%. Ametropia, duration of operating, resolution of monitor height and distance of monitor from the operator's eyes and using glasses are factors related to frequency of CVS.

Background: It is nearly twenty years passed from introducing of COMPUTER to human life and it is now an inseparable part of our life, because of widespread use of COMPUTER, many studies have been done for finding safety and health principle for these USERS, the aim of this study is determination of ophthalmic complains in Shahid Sadoughi University COMPUTER USERS.Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was done on 105 employees of Shahid Sadoughi University during 1386-1387.Data was collected by a questionnaire that includes duration of COMPUTER usage per day, time of starting COMPUTER usage, type of monitor, type of ophthalmic complains and the position of COMPUTER USERS against light source. This information was analyzed by SPSS software.Results: The study group was included 105 employees that 56 of them were women and 49 were men. Mean age of this group was 33.7±5.77 years. The frequency of ophthalmic complains in the USERS was as below: eye strain 79%, eye burning 57.7%, epiphora 33.4% and red eye 30%.There was significant duration of COMPUTER usage per day, time of starting COMPUTER usage and inappropriate condition of light source (R=21%, p=0.033; R=21%, p=0.032, respectively).Conclusion: There are several ophthalmic complains such as eye strain, red eye in the COMPUTER USERS who had significant correlation with condition of work environment.Because of extended use of COMPUTER in office and home, it is necessary to plan studies for identification of causes of these complains and the methods for prevention and modification of these problems.

Purpose: Globalization of COMPUTER use in the past two decades has increased the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems and different damages to COMPUTER USERS. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal damages and postural anomalies and disorders among COMPUTER USERS.Methods: This is a descriptive research study carried out as a field project on 160 university students with 3 years of experience working with COMPUTERs. The data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researcher, which was of high reliability and validity. Moreover, for evaluation of the changes in postural alignment, the New York posture rating chart was used. Data analyses were performed by using descriptive statistics, which was done using Excel software and SPSS version 21.0.Results: The findings of this study revealed that the participants suffered from pain in the head (81.25%), eyes (87.50%), neck (100%), shoulders (100%), waist (81.25%), wrist (100%), fingers (100%), pelvis (93.75%), and knees (100%). Risk factors such as not using suitable chairs, incorrect way of sitting, and lack of movement (i.e. inactivity during work) were of great significance. Moreover, the findings of this research indicated the following as the prevalent postural anomalies among university students: 85% forward head posture, 90% drooping shoulders, 70% pectoral kyphosis, 65% posterior pelvic tilt, 40% bowed knees or X-shaped legs, and 30% ankle rotation.Conclusion: Sore neck and shoulders, sore eyes, painful wrist, and fingers are very common among COMPUTER USERS. Forward head posture, drooping shoulder (that of the user’s dominant hand), and bowed knees or X-shaped legs were found to be the basic and prevalent postural problems among university students. Inactivity caused by over-work and not attending to ergonomic principles while working was among the key risk factors observed in this study.

Introduction: Working with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs) can be associated with visual complaints particularly visual fatigue and symptoms including headache, disruption in continuing the work and ocular disorders. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of visual fatigue and its related risk factors in COMPUTER USERS of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2013.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was achieved on 260 COMPUTER USERS. The data were collected by Visual Fatigue, demographic and job questionnaires. For data analysis, Spearman, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used.Results: The mean (SD) age of the USERS was 36.74 (7.74) and daily working time with VDTs was 5.85 (2.28) hours. Visual fatigue score was 2.99 (1.97), so that 32.3% of COMPUTER USERS had severe eye fatigue. Meanwhile, 45.4, 21.9, 32.7 and 46.2 percentage of USERS suffered severely from eye strain, visual impairment, eye-surface disorder and extra-ocular problems. Visual fatigue incidence and its compliments were significantly increased with increasing of age, work experience and daily working hours with COMPUTER (p<0.05). Visual fatigue was higher in USERS wearing glasses than those not wearing glasses (p<0.001) and was lower in monitor to window angle of 90o than two other monitor to window positions of 0o (p=0.041) and 180o (p=0.036).Conclusion: The prevalence of visual fatigue among COMPUTER USERS was very high. Visual fatigue and its serious consequences can be prevented by applying the principles of ergonomics such as regular and short breaks, looking at distant objects, blinking regularly and reducing the direct and indirect glares.

Introduction: The use of COMPUTERs as the most prevalent administrative tool is rapidly increasing and the mismatch between the COMPUTER and its user can lead to physical problems such as visual fatigue. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate the relationship between visual fatigue and its related factors among COMPUTER USERS in one of the major ports in southern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 405 administrative staff members who used COMPUTERs for at least 4 hours per day. Simple random sampling was employed. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the Visual Fatigue Questionnaire (VFQ). The intensity of localized lighting at the workstation was measured using a lux meter. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-25 software. Results: The results indicated that over 80% of participants experienced varying degrees of visual fatigue. Factors influencing this disorder included age, work experience, daily working hours, and light intensity, while body mass index and gender did not show a significant correlation with the occurrence of these disorders. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of visual fatigue among COMPUTER USERS, attention to environmental and occupational conditions, such as improving lighting and adjusting workstations, can help to reduce this disorder and enhance employee productivity.

Background: Nowadays COMPUTER has changed to an integral component in all the workplaces particularly in administrative ones. Health is directly related to internalsocial factors of work.Objective: This research is conducted to determine the Prevalence of psychosocial complications among COMPUTER USERS and to specify the factors influencing these complications.Method: The method of the present study is correlational and it is conducted randomly on 199 COMPUTER USERS in Abadan oil company. The data were collected through demographic questionnaire and psychosocial complications resulting from using COMPUTERs were assessed. The maintained information was analyzed through Spss-19.Results: The sample compromised 78 females and 121 males aged between 30- 40 averagely, who were using COMPUTERs 21 to 40 hours on average in one week. The results indicated that 51.8% of participants were suffering from psychosocial complications due to using COMPUTERs moderately and 3.1% of them with the minimum frequency faced severe complications. Significant statistical relationships were seen between these complications and working hours, working hours and COMPUTER, rest and education.Conclusion: At the present time the existence of psychosocial complications are not damaging in the society which is being investigated; however, the USERS who use COMPUTER moderately are in danger and the way they use COMPUTERs determines whether in future COMPUTER USERS will be addicted to COMPUTERs severely or will be healthy USERS.